Fundamentals of Imaging Reflective Optics II: Ray Tracing.

X-ray imaging: Fundamentals and planar imaging

X-ray imaging is the most widespread and well-known medical imaging technique. It dates back to the discovery by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895 of a new kind of penetrating radiation coming from an evacuated glass bulb with positive and negative electrodes. Today, this radiation is known as short wavelength electromagnetic waves being called X-rays in the English speaking countries, but “Roengt...

1 Fundamentals of Optics

In this chapter, we discuss some of the fundamentals of optics. We first cover the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, which shows that the visible spectrum occupies just a very narrow portion of the entire EM spectrum. We then discuss geometrical optics and wave optics. In geometrical optics, we formulate the propagation of light rays in terms of matrices, whereas in wave optics we formulate wave p...

Fundamentals of Optics

Fundamentals of Fiber Optics

Flatland optics: fundamentals.

"Flatland" is the title of a 120-year-old science fiction story. It describes the life of creatures living in a two-dimensional (2D) Flatland. A superior creature living in the three-dimensional (3D) spaceland, as we do, can easily inspect, for example, the inside of a Flatland house, as well as the content of a flat man's stomach without leaving any trace. Furthermore, the 3D person has supern...